Chapter 1 - Unveiling the complexity of Alzheimer's disease: Introduction and its pathophysiology

Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a significant global health challenge, characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. The pathogenesis of AD involves the intricate interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, resulting in the progressive accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Additionally, lifestyle interventions, including physical exercise, cognitive stimulation, and dietary modifications, have shown promise in reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Accurate and timely diagnosis of AD is essential for facilitating early intervention and optimizing patient care. Recent advancements in biomarker research, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers and neuroimaging techniques, enable more precise diagnostic classification and monitoring of disease progression. Furthermore, the development of novel therapeutic modalities, such as immunotherapy and gene therapy, holds promise for addressing the diverse molecular and cellular abnormalities associated with AD. In recent years, extensive research efforts have led to significant advancements in our understanding of AD pathogenesis, preventive strategies, diagnostic techniques, and treatment options. This chapter provides an overview of the multifaceted nature of AD and highlights recent breakthroughs in the field.